This guide is dependent on the Publication Manual regarding the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. It provides selected citation examples for common types of sources. For more detailed information please consult a print copy regarding the style manual.
For the best printing results because of this guide, use the printer-friendly PDF format.
Review the Sample paper from the APA, with samples of many APA rules.
Keep track of your document references/citations and format your reference lists easily with citation management software.
Number all pages consecutively, starting with the title page, in Arabic numerals (e.g., 4, not IV) within the upper corner that is right-handRule 8.03, p. 230).
You’ll want to cite and document any sources which you have consulted, even although you presented the ideas from the sources is likely to words. You ought to cite:
- to identify other individuals’s ideas and information used inside your essay.
- to buy essay online share with the reader of your paper where they ought to look if they wish to discover the same sources.
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A citation must come in two places in your essay:
- within the body of the text (“in-text citations”).
- within the reference list (at the end of one’s paper).
To introduce other people’s ideas in text, utilize the following examples:
Richardson argues, relates to, explains, hypothesizes, compares, concludes; As Littlewood and Sherwin demonstrated, proved, . etc.
Spelling: Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary print or online could be the standard spelling reference for APA journals and books (Rule 4.12, p. 96).
Reference in text
Capitalize all major words in titles of books and articles in the torso associated with the paper (Rule 4.15, p.101). E.g.
In his book Greek Political Thought (2006), Balot argues that. The criticism of the article, “The Politics of Paraliterary Criticism”.
NOTE: In reference lists, however, capitalize just the word that is first of title as well as the subtitle (after a colon or em dash) and proper nouns.
When quoting from print sources or online articles, give the author, year, and page number in parentheses (Rule 6.03, pp.170-171). For example:
Mooney (2000) unearthed that . “direct_quotation” (p. 276). “Direct_quotation”. (Walker, 2000, p. 135).
In the event that quotation is finished 40 words, you need to start the quotation on a new line, indent the quotation about Ѕ an inch, and omit the quotation marks (Rule 6.03, p. 171).
Prince Edward Island is a slice that is curved of from three to thirty-five miles wide and about a hundred and twenty miles long, lying over the southern rim of this Gulf of St. Lawrence and separated from the mainland of brand new Brunswick and Nova Scotia because of the narrow waters of Northumberland Strait.(Ives, 1999, p. 1)
When paraphrasing from a source, or when referring to an idea contained in another work, you might be encouraged to give a page number (Rule 6.04 p. 171).
When citing the author that is same times in a paragraph, see Citing Paraphrased operate in APA Style from the APA Style Blog.
Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers. In this case, use paragraph numbers preceded by the abbreviation ‘para.’ (Rule 6.05 pp. 171-172). For instance:
(Johnson, 2003, para. 5).
The heading if it is long) (Rule 6.05 pp if a source contains neither page nor paragraph numbers, cite the heading ( shorten. 171-172).
If you have no date of publication, utilize the abbreviation (n.d.).
List two or more functions by different authors who are cited within the same parentheses in alphabetical order because of the first authors’ surnames and put semicolons between them (Rule 6.16 p. 177).
Reference list
In APA, the list of sources during the final end associated with paper (bibliography) is named the reference list. The reference list must include all references cited when you look at the text of one’s paper.
The phrase References should appear near the top of your reference list, and it ought to be centred in the page (Rule 2.11, p. 37).
Order of references within the reference list is alphabetical, by the last name of this author that is firstRule 6.25, p. 181) or, if author is not available – by title.
Alphabetize letter by letter. “Nothing precedes something”. ‘Brown, J. R.’ comes before ‘Browning, A. F.’.
When it comes to author’s first name use only initials: ‘Smith, J.’, not ‘Smith, Jennifer’.
For all functions by the author that is same them in your reference list by year of publication utilizing the earliest first – Smith, A. (1999) . Smith, A. (2002)
Subsequent and second lines of each entry are indented 1/2 inch or 5 spaces. The chosen format must be consistent for the references.
Double-space between all lines of one’s work, including references.
When citing books (not periodicals), capitalize only the first word for the title and of the subtitle (i.e. the first word after a colon or a dash) and proper nouns (Rule 6.29, p. 185).
If one or more city of publication is placed in the book you are citing, utilize the first one listed.
If you have no date of publication, make use of the abbreviation (n.d.).